Conflict Dynamics in the Middle East: What Happened?
The dynamics of conflict in the Middle East are the result of complex interactions between various political, social and historical factors. The beginning of this conflict was rooted in revolution and changes in power, which were triggered by the people’s desire for freedom and justice. The Arab Spring in 2011, for example, marked a wave of protests in several Arab countries, such as Tunisia, Egypt and Syria.
In Syria, peaceful protests against Bashar al-Assad’s regime escalated into a brutal civil war. Various opposition groups, including Islamists, have emerged against the government backed by Russia and Iran. This led to the breakup of the country into various zones of power controlled by warring factions, including ISIS which tried to establish a caliphate.
Yemen, whose civil war began in 2014, also reflects a multi-layered conflict. Tensions between the government backed by Saudi Arabia and the Houthi rebels backed by Iran are creating a severe humanitarian crisis. Blockades and air raids led to mass starvation and the spread of disease.
In Palestine, the dynamics of conflict continue with tensions between Israel and Palestinians. House demolitions, airstrikes and constant resettlement are making the situation even more difficult. A stalled peace process and a series of military operations are prolonging the cycle of violence, with no solution in sight.
In Iraq, ethnic and sectarian tensions, especially between Sunnis and Shiites, worsened the situation after the fall of Saddam Hussein. The rise of ISIS shows the extent of instability, with terror attacks disrupting daily life and deepening divisions.
The dynamics of this conflict also involve international forces. The United States and Russia have opposing interests, with America supporting a number of allies in the region, while Russia seeks to strengthen its influence through military support. Foreign intervention exacerbates tensions and complicates resolution.
The economic side also plays an important role. Natural resources, especially oil, have become objects of struggle, attracting many global powers to get involved directly or indirectly. Countries in the Gulf, such as Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, seek to maintain security and stability, but sometimes by exacerbating existing conflicts.
In a social context, extremist ideology thrives, filling the void left by a weakened state. Organizations such as al-Qaeda and ISIS exploit popular discontent to recruit new members, posing greater challenges to regional stability.
The uncertainty about the future of the Middle East is very real. Conflict resolution requires a holistic approach, involving dialogue between all factions. However, a long history of conflict and outside involvement creates major obstacles to sustainable peace. The international community must play an active role, not only in supporting military solutions, but also in developing the people and infrastructure needed to build a solid foundation for peace. Social, political and economic transformation is the key to achieving long-term stability in the Middle East.